How to install threaded inserts

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How To Install Threaded Inserts In Plastic

April 19th, 2022By E-Z Lok

threaded inserts for plastic

There are numerous applications that call for threaded inserts for plastic. Whether you are working with 3D printing, thermoset plastics or post-fabrication molds, there are several uses for thread inserts to be used in your projects. In this guide, we discuss how to install threaded inserts in plastic. Learn more about the different kinds of plastic inserts to find the right one for your needs.

Table of Contents

What Are Threaded Inserts For Plastic?

Used by numerous industries, threaded inserts are a common type of hardware used to create strong machine threads in plastic components. Plastic inserts are used in materials that would otherwise be too thin to have threads machined into them, or they are used to repair worn-out fastenings in corroded materials.

threaded inserts for plastic

How Plastic Inserts Work In 3D Printing

When creating the model for your 3D printing application, the design should include pilot holes in all the locations you wish to have a plastic insert. Hole size recommendations can be found on our website. These sizes are a general guideline. We recommend testing to determine the exact size needed prior to production. You will typically use brass threaded inserts for 3D printing projects and set them after the part has been fabricated.

Unlike thermoset plastic, thermoplastics like the ones used in 3D printing can be melted and reformed multiple times without negatively affecting the durability of the plastic. In contrast, thermoset plastics go through chemical reactions during the heating and cooling process and cannot be melted again, so they require inserts to be placed before they cool or to use non-thermal installation processes like press inserts.

threaded inserts for plastic

What Are Threaded Inserts for Plastic Made Of?

When learning how to install threaded inserts in plastic, you have to consider what your inserts are made of. The most common metals used for self-tapping threaded inserts for plastic are brass or stainless steel. While other materials could be used, these offer the best combination of corrosion resistance, durability and grip strength in plastic applications.

Brass Threaded Inserts for Plastic

Brass threaded inserts for plastic can be used in all manner of applications, including as press-in inserts for thermoset plastic. They can also be inserted using heat for thermoplastics (or as press-in inserts for either material).

Stainless Steel Threaded Inserts for Plastic

While they offer higher corrosion resistance, stainless steel threaded inserts for plastic are less common than their brass counterparts. They are less prone to warping under mechanical stress and can be used outdoors without concern.

Installing Threaded Inserts for Plastic

Plastic threaded inserts come in two categories: Ultrasonic (or Heat-Set) inserts and Press Inserts. Using the right plastic insert for your application is important to ensure grip strength and security. Here are some of the most common installation methods.

threaded inserts for plastic

Ultrasonic and Heat-Set Inserts

Designed for use in thermoplastics, these thread inserts are placed using an ultrasonic horn. The horn vibrates at a high frequency, generating heat via friction with the threaded insert. The heat melts the plastic surrounding the insert as it is placed. The insert then cools rapidly, creating a firm seal.

Great for thermoplastic use such as 3D printing, heat-set inserts are set in place by heating and setting the plastic insert into the thermoplastic. As it cools, the plastic hardens and creates a strong bond with the insert.

Press Inserts

Capable of being used in thermoset plastics and thermoplastics, these threaded inserts for plastic have a very simple installation process. Apply pressure to the top of the plastic insert until it is placed in the desired location. These are commonly used in thin plastic products such as signs, advertisements and displays.

 


 

E-Z Press™ Threaded Inserts for Thermoplastics

E-Z Press™ press-in threaded inserts are a breakthrough in the realm of thermoplastics, offering unparalleled ease and reliability. Perfectly tailored for the malleable nature of thermoplastics — materials known for their capacity to be reshaped with heat — these press fit inserts for plastic are ideal for applications ranging from DIY projects to advanced 3D printing.

Unmatched Installation Simplicity

The installation process of E-Z Press™ press-in threaded inserts for thermoplastics is ingeniously straightforward. Their unique design facilitates a "cold" installation method, bypassing the need for heat-based methods. This not only accelerates the installation process but also significantly reduces molding costs. Whether you're using a simple hand tool or an arbor press, these press fit threaded inserts ensure a quick and secure fit.

Press Insert Installation

Benefits of Using E-Z Press™ Inserts for Thermoplastic Applications

When it comes to enhancing the functionality and longevity of thermoplastic projects, E-Z Press™ press-in threaded inserts for plastic stand out. They bring a host of advantages to the table, making them indispensable for anyone working with thermoplastics. Some of the benefits include:

  • Simplified Installation: The cold installation method of these press-in inserts for plastic simplifies the entire process.
  • Increased Durability: The diamond-knurled design ensures that our stainless steel and brass press inserts stay firmly in place, resisting torque and pull-out forces effectively.
  • Material Compatibility: E-Z Press™ threaded inserts for thermoplastics are designed to mesh well with various types of thermoplastics, enhancing their versatility.
  • Waste Reduction: The precision of these inserts significantly lowers the risk of misalignment and insert-related defects.
  • Thread Chasing Eliminated: The need for post-installation thread chasing is removed, streamlining the manufacturing process.
  • Choice of Materials: Available in both brass and stainless steel, these inserts cater to a wide range of project requirements.

Installation Tips and Best Practices for Our Press-In Threaded Inserts

When installing E-Z Press™ press-in threaded inserts into thermoplastics, it is essential to consider the material's properties. Thermoplastics, known for their ability to be reshaped upon heating, require a careful approach to ensure a secure fit. Here are some tips:

  • Test Your Application: Given the variability in thermoplastic materials, it’s crucial to test the insert in your specific application to determine the optimal hole size and insertion technique.
  • Choose the Right Tool: Depending on the scale of your project, select the appropriate tool for installation – from simple hand tools to mechanical presses.
  • Follow Manufacturer Guidelines: Adhere to E-Z LOK's recommendations for installation to achieve the best results.

Frequently Asked Questions About Press-In Threaded Inserts

Can E-Z Press™ Inserts Be Used In All Types of Thermoplastics?

While they are versatile, it’s recommended to test them in your specific type of thermoplastic to ensure optimal performance.

What Makes These Inserts Suitable for Thermoplastics?

Their design allows for easy installation and a strong hold in materials that can be reshaped, like thermoplastics.

Are There Different Sizes and Types of E-Z Press™ Inserts Available?

Yes, they come in various sizes and styles, including flush, flanged, and reverse slot, to suit different project needs. We also offer a wide range of other inserts including heat set inserts for plastics, threaded inserts for wood and threaded inserts for metal so you can always find the insert you need for your project.

Can These Inserts Be Removed and Reused?

While they are designed for a secure fit, careful removal and reinstallation in the same or a similar thermoplastic is possible.

What Are the Advantages of Brass and Stainless Steel Variations?

Brass inserts offer excellent machinability and corrosion resistance, while stainless steel provides enhanced strength and durability.

 


E-Z Press™ Threaded Inserts for Thermoplastics

E-Z Press™ press-in threaded inserts are a breakthrough in the realm of thermoplastics, offering unparalleled ease and reliability. Perfectly tailored for the malleable nature of thermoplastics — materials known for their capacity to be reshaped with heat — these press fit inserts for plastic are ideal for applications ranging from DIY projects to advanced 3D printing.

Unmatched Installation Simplicity

The installation process of E-Z Press™ press-in threaded inserts for thermoplastics is ingeniously straightforward. Their unique design facilitates a "cold" installation method, bypassing the need for heat-based methods. This not only accelerates the installation process but also significantly reduces molding costs. Whether you're using a simple hand tool or an arbor press, these press fit threaded inserts ensure a quick and secure fit.

Press Insert Installation

Benefits of Using E-Z Press™ Inserts for Thermoplastic Applications

When it comes to enhancing the functionality and longevity of thermoplastic projects, E-Z Press™ press-in threaded inserts for plastic stand out. They bring a host of advantages to the table, making them indispensable for anyone working with thermoplastics. Some of the benefits include:

  • Simplified Installation: The cold installation method of these press-in inserts for plastic simplifies the entire process.
  • Increased Durability: The diamond-knurled design ensures that our stainless steel and brass press inserts stay firmly in place, resisting torque and pull-out forces effectively.
  • Material Compatibility: E-Z Press™ threaded inserts for thermoplastics are designed to mesh well with various types of thermoplastics, enhancing their versatility.
  • Waste Reduction: The precision of these inserts significantly lowers the risk of misalignment and insert-related defects.
  • Thread Chasing Eliminated: The need for post-installation thread chasing is removed, streamlining the manufacturing process.
  • Choice of Materials: Available in both brass and stainless steel, these inserts cater to a wide range of project requirements.

Installation Tips and Best Practices for Our Press-In Threaded Inserts

When installing E-Z Press™ press-in threaded inserts into thermoplastics, it is essential to consider the material's properties. Thermoplastics, known for their ability to be reshaped upon heating, require a careful approach to ensure a secure fit. Here are some tips:

  • Test Your Application: Given the variability in thermoplastic materials, it’s crucial to test the insert in your specific application to determine the optimal hole size and insertion technique.
  • Choose the Right Tool: Depending on the scale of your project, select the appropriate tool for installation – from simple hand tools to mechanical presses.
  • Follow Manufacturer Guidelines: Adhere to E-Z LOK's recommendations for installation to achieve the best results.

Frequently Asked Questions About Press-In Threaded Inserts

Can E-Z Press™ Inserts Be Used In All Types of Thermoplastics?

While they are versatile, it’s recommended to test them in your specific type of thermoplastic to ensure optimal performance.

What Makes These Inserts Suitable for Thermoplastics?

Their design allows for easy installation and a strong hold in materials that can be reshaped, like thermoplastics.

Are There Different Sizes and Types of E-Z Press™ Inserts Available?

Yes, they come in various sizes and styles, including flush, flanged, and reverse slot, to suit different project needs. We also offer a wide range of other inserts including heat set inserts for plastics, threaded inserts for wood and threaded inserts for metal so you can always find the insert you need for your project.

Can These Inserts Be Removed and Reused?

While they are designed for a secure fit, careful removal and reinstallation in the same or a similar thermoplastic is possible.

What Are the Advantages of Brass and Stainless Steel Variations?

Brass inserts offer excellent machinability and corrosion resistance, while stainless steel provides enhanced strength and durability.

 


E-Z Sonic™ Heat Set Inserts For Thermoplastics

E-Z LOK’s E-Z Sonic™ heat set inserts are designed for post-molding installation in thermoplastic materials. Machined out of high-quality brass and available with both inch and metric threads, our heat set threaded inserts are durable enough for the toughest environments and versatile enough to meet the needs of any application.

Heat Set Insert Features:

  • Heat stake inserts are available in tapered and straight designs
  • Install with a heat driver or ultrasonic horn
  • Superior torque and pull-out resistance of our ultrasonic inserts for plastic
  • Inch or metric threads
  • Tapered design in single and double vane
  • Straight design in flush or flanged configuration

Important Note: Heat set insert hole size requirements may vary depending on a number of factors, including material and tools. We recommend you test your particular application before ordering. Samples of our ultrasonic inserts may be provided to distributors upon request!

Along with our ultrasonic threaded inserts, E-Z LOK has additional brass inserts for other applications. View all available brass inserts, or locate a distributor to learn more about all inserts available from E-Z LOK!

Our E-Z Sonic™ (Ultrasonic) Inserts are shown below. To browse all products: BROWSE ALL

A Closer Look At Our E-Z Sonic Heat Set Inserts

Our E-Z Sonic™ heat set inserts are ideal for post-molding installation in thermoplastics such as acrylic, polypropylene and PVC. Made with durable brass, each of the ultrasonic threaded inserts we offer comes in tapered or straight designs, depending on the needs of your application. With superior torque and pull-out resistance, you can count on our E-Z LOK’s heat set inserts for plastics to meet the needs of the toughest jobs.

How Do You Install Ultrasonic/Heat Stake Inserts In Thermoplastics?

E-Z Sonic™ inserts can be installed ultrasonically or by using a heat driver. For ultrasonic installation, a pneumatic driver will create high-frequency vibrations. The heat generated by these vibrations will melt the plastic, allowing the ultrasonic insert to be installed and held in place by the cooling plastic.

Heat drivers and soldering irons work by heating up the insert to a temperature beyond the melting point of the thermoplastic. Pre-drilled holes are made and the heat stake insert is pushed into place, melting the plastic around it.

How Do You Determine the Right Size of Heat Set Inserts for Your Application?

The appropriate size and variety of E-Z Sonic™ heat set inserts will depend on your application's requirements. Our experts recommend testing to determine the appropriate size and series of brass ultrasonic threaded inserts you need. E-Z LOK is happy to provide samples to distributors upon request.

What Is the Difference Between E-Z Press™ and E-Z Sonic™ Heat Set Inserts?

E-Z Sonic™ heat staking inserts for thermoplastics are designed with specific materials and projects in mind. They work well with 3D printing applications and products made from similar materials. They require heat generation to melt the plastic around the insert for proper installation.

E-Z Press™ threaded inserts for plastic are designed for both thermoset plastics and thermoplastics. They come in three varieties — flush, flanged and reverse slot — to match the needs of your application and its hold strength. They are created specifically for "cold" installation using anything from a rubber mallet to an arbor press.

Straight vs. Tapered E-Z Sonic™ Ultrasonic Threaded Inserts

There are two basic designs for E-Z Sonic™ threaded heat set inserts: tapered and straight. Both styles can be installed with either an ultrasonic horn or heat driver, and feature knurl/groove patterns designed for optimum torque and pull-out resistance.

Straight E-Z Sonic™ Ultrasonic Inserts

Our straight heat set inserts provide superior torque and pull-out resistance, while allowing for thinner boss walls. Flush heat stake inserts allow for installation even with or below the material surface; flanged inserts are ideal for electrical connections or for additional pull-out resistance in reverse installations. E-Z Sonic™ straight ultrasonic threaded inserts feature a lead-in pilot to facilitate installation. Machined out of brass, these straight ultrasonic inserts are available with internal threads from #2 to 3/8.

Tapered E-Z Sonic™ Ultrasonic Inserts

Our tapered heat stake inserts are designed to reduce installation time, particularly in production runs, while maintaining outstanding performance characteristics. E-Z Sonic™ tapered ultrasonic inserts are machined out of brass and are available in single and double-vane lengths for maximum design flexibility. Internal threads from #2 to 3/8 and M2.5 to M6 are available.

Watch This Video To Learn How To Install Heat Set Inserts

Heat Stake Tips For Easy Installation Of E-Z Sonic Inserts

E-Z LOK’s heat staking installation tools are designed for precision in thermoplastic applications. These heat stake tips ensure efficient heat transfer and secure insert installation in all heat set applications. Machined from highly conductive brass, E-Z LOK thermal staking tips are ideal for uses ranging from 3D printing to prototyping.

Understanding Heat Stake Tips

Designed to transfer heat effectively from the soldering iron to the insert, E-Z Sonic installation heat stake tips ensure proper insert positioning and temperature for the strongest possible installation. Prior to insert installation in a drilled or molded hole, heat is transferred from the heat staking tip to the insert. The heated insert then melts the hole wall as the insert is installed, with plastic flowing into the knurls and grooves of the insert. Once the thermal staking tip is removed from the insert, the insert cools and the plastic re-sets locking the insert in place.

The heat set insert tips work with any standard soldering iron and are perfect for hobbyists and professionals alike. E-Z Sonic inserts can be used with any thermoplastic.

E-Z LOK's Range for Other Materials

For metal installations, E-Z LOK offers a range of inserts, including E-Z Coil inserts and E-Z LOK inserts for metal. These products are designed to provide strong, reliable threads in metal materials.

For wood applications, E-Z LOK presents the E-Z Hex inserts for soft wood and the E-Z Knife inserts for hardwood. Each of these products is tailored to the specific needs of wood installations, ensuring robust and lasting insert placement.

What Advantages Do Heat Stake Tips From E-Z LOK Offer in Thermoplastic Installations?

E-Z LOK's heat stake tips are specifically engineered for efficient and precise thermoplastic installations. These tips provide optimal heat transfer from soldering irons to the inserts, ensuring a secure and accurate installation process. They are ideal for professionals seeking reliable and high-quality solutions for thermoplastic applications.

Discover the Precision of E-Z LOK's Heat Stake Tips Today

Whether you're dealing with thermal staking, or seeking a robust heat staking tip for your solder iron, E-Z LOK has the perfect solution tailored to your needs. Don't miss out on the opportunity to transform your work with these top-tier tools. Explore our extensive range of heat set insert tips and other specialized products, and take the first step towards a more efficient, precise, and reliable installation experience. Your next project deserves the best – choose E-Z LOK for excellence in every insert.

 

 

 


 

 

Stainless Steel vs. Brass Threaded Inserts for Plastic

March 7, 2022By E-Z Lok

machine

Table of Contents

When it comes to using threaded inserts in the construction of plastic materials, both the plastic and the insert material matter based on the application. Assemblies made from plastic and other soft materials often rely on metal threaded inserts to reinforce joints and secure fasteners. But which type of metal inserts can be considered superior? Today's two most common options available on the market are brass and stainless steel threaded inserts.

Brass threaded inserts are generally regarded as the better option. However, with increasing thought being put into sustainable options, lead-free alternatives such as stainless steel are growing more popular. In this article, we'll break down the "stainless steel vs. brass threaded inserts" argument and highlight some of the benefits and best uses of each so you can make an informed decision based on your project. Keep reading to learn more.

a person holding a blue cup

The Benefit of Brass Threaded Inserts

Brass threaded inserts for plastic and 3D printing thermoplastic applications are typically slotted to minimize splitting or splintering. As mentioned, when comparing stainless steel vs. brass threaded inserts, most manufacturers agree that brass is the better option for a wide variety of reasons. That being said, let's get into some of the benefits that come from using brass inserts over stainless steel.

First, brass threaded inserts offer greater thermal conductivity than threaded inserts made from austenitic stainless steel. In fact, brass inserts are typically 15 times as conductive as stainless steel inserts, meaning brass is optimal for heat and ultrasonic installation methods. Good thermal conductivity also translates to an installer having better positional accuracy when setting brass threaded inserts for their project. Brass also cools quickly. Installers can have better peace of mind knowing that brass threaded inserts can be set promptly and accurately in components without the inserts moving within the plastic hole and compromising the entire project. Compare this with stainless steel inserts, where installers must brace the steel insert within the molten plastic after it is put into position, so it doesn't "float" around in the hole, compromising the joint integrity of the finished assembly.

When comparing brass and stainless steel, it's also worth noting that brass threaded inserts are much more valuable than stainless steel inserts. As a result, manufacturers can recover more material costs after manufacturing if they choose brass inserts. Brass threaded inserts also possess great strength, allowing solid and durable holds. When an installer wishes to make a threaded part stronger, they only need to increase the thread length of the brass threaded inserts to avoid the higher cost of stainless steel.

Other benefits of brass threaded inserts include resistance to exposure from mild alkaline solutions and corrosion in non-oxidizing acids and petroleum products. However, installers should avoid strong alkaline solutions such as hydroxides, cyanides and oxidizing acids.

The Benefit of Stainless Steel Threaded Inserts

Although stainless steel inserts are appropriate for use in some projects, it's often somewhat unnecessary. When deciding to use stainless steel or brass threaded inserts, brass usually satisfies most requirements at a better price. That being said, stainless steel threaded inserts carry benefits of their own which may be more useful to installers.

Stainless steel threaded inserts are available in more varieties than brass inserts, though 300 series and austenitic stainless steel are the most common forms an installer will find on the market. When thinking of stainless steel vs. brass, the properties of stainless steel inserts vary dramatically from one alloy to the next, making it more challenging to generalize their benefits. However, stainless steel threaded inserts offer excellent resistance to petroleum products and most acids. Though installers should avoid hydrochloric acids, stainless steel inserts can easily be passivated in either citric or nitric acid solutions.

Stainless steel inserts can also provide higher strength than brass threaded inserts depending on the grade/alloy used, giving projects a more durable hold and better resistance to vibrations.

Applications of Brass & Stainless Steel Threaded Inserts

Most installers accept that brass inserts offer more significant advantages when deciding to use brass or stainless steel inserts. For example, brass threaded inserts are the preferred standard for most industrial and agricultural applications due to their specific qualities. Still, there are plenty of instances where stainless steel threaded inserts are preferred. Let's explore the applications of stainless steel vs. brass threaded inserts.

a group of different objects

Brass Inserts

Brass threaded inserts are excellent for both hot and cold-water industrial systems and similar residential systems. This includes systems that carry potable water for consumption. Brass inserts are also quite suitable for some types of marine environments, including brackish water and seawater with low to moderate currents. Once an installer exposes a brass threaded insert to a marine atmosphere, it will develop a layer of protective green patina.

Brass threaded inserts also typically perform well in cryogenic applications, making them a suitable alternative to 300 series stainless steel threaded inserts in certain environments.

Brass threaded inserts can also be nickel-plated to reduce any tarnishing or corrosion. Nickel-plated brass inserts are generally used on gears, bearings and plumbing fixtures.

Stainless Steel Inserts

Certain grades of stainless steel threaded inserts, such as the 316 series, are far superior to brass inserts in aggressive marine environments with fast-moving currents. However, this does not apply to all grades. The most common grade of stainless steel inserts, the free-machining 303 series, contains added sulfur that can improve machinability. However, sulfur additives decrease corrosion resistance in seawater.

Certain grades of austenitic stainless steel threaded inserts, such as 302, 304 and 316 series are FDA approved for food contact. This makes stainless steel inserts the best choice for food and beverage applications.

Note: Free-machining 303 stainless steel inserts are not approved for use in contact with foods.

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

How To Install Threaded Inserts in Wood

December 7th, 2021By E-Z Lok

a hand holding a metal object

Threaded inserts for wood are a fast and cost-effective way to improve the durability and stability of your woodworking projects. Get high-strength connections for your carpentry by following this simple guide on how to install threaded inserts in wood.

Table of Contents

What Are Threaded Inserts for Wood?

Wood thread inserts are problem solvers. They can help you repair stripped threads in your previous projects or place threaded fasteners into your current woodworking. Threaded inserts for wood are cost-effective solutions that are easy to install. Durable and resistant to erosion, wood thread inserts are ideal for both indoor and outdoor use. E-Z LOK's threaded inserts can be used in a variety of wood assemblies and applications, including (but not limited to):

  • Indoor furniture
  • Shelving
  • Cabinetry
  • Outdoor furniture
  • Frames
  • Display cases

Commonly used in furniture to create firm bonds between adjoining pieces, threaded inserts for wood have external threads that lock them in place and internal threads for your bolt or screw.

a person holding a hammer

Are Wood Thread Inserts for Hardwood or Softwood?

E-Z LOK offers thread inserts for wood projects across the spectrum. Whether you're using hardwood or softwood, E-Z LOK has insert nuts for your wood application. Here is a rundown of the different types of fasteners:

E-Z Hex™ Screw Inserts for Wood

Type D (flanged) or Type E (flush) screw inserts create sturdy threads in softwoods. E-Z Hex™ inserts feature wide external threads that have exceptional holding power in materials like composition board, plywood and pine. Available in a variety of lengths, these threaded inserts for wood are quick to install and are die-cast from a durable zinc alloy.

E-Z Knife™ Inserts for Hardwood

For superior holding power in hardwood like cherry, maple and oak, we have E-Z Knife™ wood thread inserts. Made of either brass or stainless steel, these inserts are ideal for use where assembly or disassembly could cause thread stripping or erosion. Using a proprietary external "knife" thread, E-Z Knife™ thread inserts are uniquely designed for hardwood.

E-Z Fin™ Thread Inserts for Wood and Plastic

Also known as Finserts, these are brass inserts for softwoods and plastics. Capable of distributing stress over a large surface area, Finserts minimize the possibility of thread erosion while allowing for permanent fastening. E-Z Fin™ inserts have easy press-in installation for quick application.

Installing Insert Nuts for Wood

When installing your wood insert lock nut, there are a few simple steps to follow. For best results, use an E-Z LOK Drive Tool for the appropriate threaded fastener. Some wood inserts like E-Z Fin™ will not require a drive tool for installation. When installing threaded inserts, perform the following steps:

a close-up of a microscope

1. Measure

If you are drilling a new hole, you will want to appropriately measure and mark off the location of your pilot hole. Make sure that you have the proper wood thread insert size by matching them to the bolts you plan on using.

2. Drill the hole

Make the guide hole that your threaded wood insert will be placed into. The hole should be the size specified on the packaging or the E-Z LOK website. Clear the area of debris and make sure the wood does not splinter or sheer.

3. Place the insert onto the drive tool

The E-Z LOK Drive Tool works for metal or wood thread inserts. Simplify your installation process and quickly install threaded inserts for wood.

4. Drive into place

Take care to ensure that the insert is going in straight and evenly as you drive it into place. With E-Z LOK threaded inserts for wood, you don't need to use epoxy or wood glue to hold them in place.

Follow this simple guide for installation of all your E-Z LOK screw inserts for wood. If you are not using a driving tool from E-Z LOK, you can create one of your own today.

 

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